![]() ![]() Otto Loewi and Henry Dale in the first decades of the 20th century ( Valenstein, 2002). Neurotransmitters, initially acetylcholine, were defined as the chemical agents mediating communication in nerve pulses by Drs. Dopamine was first synthesized in 1910, and initial studies examined its biologic effect as a weak sympathomimetic,although the mechanism of action was not clear ( Barger and Dale, 1910). ![]() Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity.ĭopamine, or 3-hydroxytyramine, is an endogenous catecholamine that is important to both neuronal and nonneuronal processes. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition.
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